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counties have the right to local government. Local government refers to independent, democratic management of local affairs and the exercise of local public authority in the interests
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of the local population.

Article 43. Edit
(1) The fundamental rights of all local governments (see Article 44/A.) are equal. The duties of local governments may differ.

(2) The
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rights and duties of local governments shall be determined by law. The lawful exercise of the powers of local government is afforded the legal protection of the courts and any local
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government may appeal to the Constitutional Court for the protection of its rights.

Article 44. Edit
(1) Eligible voters exercise the right to local government through the representa
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tive body that they elect and by way of local referendum.

(2) With the exception of mid-term elections, the mayor and the members of local representative bodies shall be elected in
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the month of October in the fourth year following the previous general elections.

(3) The mandate of the representative body shall expire on the day of the general local government
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elections. If no elections are held due to the lack of nominees, the mandate of the representative body shall extend to the day of the mid-term elections. The mandate of the mayor
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shall expire upon the election of the new mayor.

(4) A representative body may declare its dissolution prior to the expiration of its mandate and in accordance with the conditions
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stipulated in the law on local governments. Upon dissolution of the body [Article 19, Paragraph (3), Point I)] the mandate of the Mayor also ends.

Article 44/A. Edit
(1) The local
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representative body -

a) shall independently manage and administrate the affairs of local government and its decisions may only be reviewed with respect to their legality;

b) shall
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exercise the rights of ownership in the assets of local government, independently manage local government revenues, and may undertake business activities at its own liability;

c)
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shall be entitled to its own revenues for attending to the duties of local government as prescribed by law, and shall furthermore be entitled to state support commensurate to the
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scope of such duties;

d) shall determine the types and rates of local taxes in accordance with the framework established by law;

e) shall independently establish its own organizatio
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n and rules of procedure in accordance with the framework established by law;

f) may develop symbols and emblems of government, and establish local honors and titles;

g) may present
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proposals to the authorities responsible for decisions that affect the local population;

h) may freely merge with other local representative bodies and create associations of local
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government for the representation of their interests, may co-operate with the local governments of other countries and may be a member of international associations of local governmen
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t.

(2) Local representative bodies may issue decrees, which may not be contradictory to other legal acts.

Article 44/B. Edit
(1) The mayor functions as the chairman of the local
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representative body. The representative body may elect a deputy mayor to act as a substitute for the mayor. The person elected as deputy mayor does not have to be a member of the
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representative body, however, the deputy mayor designated as the mayor's substitute as the chairman of the local representative body, must be a member of the representative body.

(2)
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The representative body shall elect committees and may create offices.

(3) In exceptional cases the mayor may attend to state administrative duties and authorities in addition to his
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responsibilities of municipal government, in accordance with the law or a government decree authorized by law.

(4) State administrative duties and authority may be assigned to the
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notary and in exceptional cases to the officer of the representative body's office.

Article 44/C. Edit
A majority of two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament present is
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required to pass the law on local governments. The fundamental rights of local governments may be restricted by a law which also requires a two-thirds majority.

Chapter X. The
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Judiciary Edit
Article 45. Edit
(1) In the Republic of Hungary justice is administered by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Hungary, the appeals courts, the Municipal Court of
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Budapest, the county courts and the local and labor courts.

(2) Special courts for specific groups of cases may be established by law.

Article 46. Edit
(1) The courts shall, unless
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otherwise prescribed by law, administer justice through councils.

(2) Non-professional judges shall also participate in the cases and in the manner prescribed by law.

(3) Only
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professional judges may function as single judges and presiding judges. In cases delegated under the jurisdiction of local courts, court secretaries shall be authorized to act as
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substitutes for single judges, in which capacity they shall proceed independently and shall answer only to the law.

Article 47. Edit
(1) The Supreme Court is the supreme court
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authority for justice of the Republic of Hungary.

(2) The Supreme Court shall assure the uniformity of the administration of justice by the courts and its resolutions concerning
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uniformity shall be binding for all courts.

Article 48. Edit
(1) Based on the recommendation made by the President of the Republic, the Parliament shall elect the President of the
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Supreme Court; based on the recommendation made by the President of the Supreme Court, the President of the Republic shall appoint the Deputy Presidents of the Supreme Court. A
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majority of two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament is required to elect the President of the Supreme Court.

(2) The President of the Republic shall appoint professional
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judges in the manner specified by law.

(3) Judges may only be removed from office on the grounds and in accordance with the procedures specified by law.

Article 49. Edit
[Repealed]
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Article 50. Edit
(1) The courts of the Republic of Hungary shall protect and uphold constitutional order, as well as the rights and lawful interests of natural person, legal persons
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and unincorporated organizations, and shall determine the punishment for those who commit criminal offenses.

(2) The courts shall review the legality of the decisions of public
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administration.

(3) Judges are independent and answer only to the law. Judges may not be members of political parties and may not engage in political activities.

(4) Administration
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of the courts shall be exercised by the National Council of Justice; self-government bodies for the representation of judges shall also participate in such administration.

(5) A
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majority of two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament present shall be required for the Parliament to pass the laws on the structure and supervision of courts and on the
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legal status and remuneration of judges.

Chapter XI. The Office of the Public Prosecutor Edit
Article 51. Edit
(1) The General Prosecutor and the Office of the Public Prosecutor of
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the Republic of Hungary ensure the protection of the rights of the natural person, legal persons and unincorporated organizations, maintain constitutional order and shall prosecute to
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the full extent of the law any act which violates or endangers the security and independence of the country.

(2) The Office of the Public Prosecutor shall exercise rights specified
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by law in connection with investigations, shall represent the prosecution in court proceedings, and shall be responsible for the supervision of the legality of penal measures.

(3)
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The Office of the Public Prosecutor shall help to ensure that everybody comply with the law. When the law is violated, the Office of the Public Prosecutor shall act to uphold the law
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in the cases and manner specified by law.

Article 52. Edit
(1) The Parliament shall elect the General Prosecutor of the Republic of Hungary on a recommendation by the President of
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the Republic; the President of the Republic shall appoint the deputies to the General Prosecutor on a recommendation by the General Prosecutor. A majority of two-thirds of the votes
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of the Members of Parliament shall be required for electing the General Prosecutor.

(2) The General Prosecutor shall answer to the Parliament and shall provide a report on his
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activities.

Article 53. Edit
(1) Public prosecutors are appointed by the General Prosecutor of the Republic of Hungary.

(2) Public prosecutors may not be members of political
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parties and may not engage in political activities.

(3) The Office of the Public Prosecutor is directed by the General Prosecutor.

(4) A majority of two-thirds of the votes of the
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Members of Parliament present is required to pass the law on the Public Prosecution Service and on the Service Relation of Public Prosecutors.

Chapter XII. Fundamental Rights and
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Duties Edit
Article 54. Edit
(1) In the Republic of Hungary everyone has the inherent right to life and to human dignity. No one shall be arbitrarily denied of these rights.

(2) No
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one shall be subject to torture or to cruel, inhuman or humiliating treatment or punishment. Under no circumstances shall anyone be subjected to medical or scientific experiments
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without his prior consent.

Article 55. Edit
(1) In the Republic of Hungary everyone has the right to freedom and personal security; no one shall be deprived of his freedom except on
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the grounds and in accordance with the procedures specified by law.

(2) Any individual suspected of having committed a criminal offense and held in detention shall either be released
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or shall be brought before a judge within the shortest possible period of time. The judge is required to grant the detained individual a hearing and shall immediately prepare a
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written ruling with a justification for either releasing the detainee or having the individual placed under arrest.

(3) Any individual subject to illegal arrest or detainment is
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entitled to compensation.

Article 56. Edit
In the Republic of Hungary everyone is legally capable.

Article 57. Edit
(1) In the Republic of Hungary everyone is equal before the law
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and has the right to have the accusations brought against him, as well as his rights and duties in legal proceedings, judged in a just, public trial by an independent and impartial
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court established by law.

(2) In the Republic of Hungary no one shall be considered guilty until a court has rendered a final legal judgment determining criminal culpability.

(3)
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Individuals subject to criminal proceedings are entitled to legal defense at all stages of the proceedings. Defense lawyers may not be held accountable for opinions expressed in the
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course of the defense.

(4) No one shall be declared guilty and subjected to punishment for an offense that was not considered - at the time it was committed - a criminal offense
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under Hungarian law, or the laws of any country participating in the progressive establishment of an area of freedom, security and justice, and to the extent prescribed in the
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relevant Community legislation with a view to the mutual recognition of decisions, without any restrictions in terms of major fundamental rights.

(5) In the Republic of Hungary
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everyone may seek legal remedy, in accordance with the provisions of the law, to judicial, administrative or other official decisions, which infringe on his rights or justified
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interests. A law passed by a majority of two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament present may impose restrictions on the right to legal remedy in the interest of, and in
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proportion with, adjudication of legal disputes within a reasonable period of time.

Article 58. Edit
(1) Everyone legally staying or residing in the territory of the Republic of
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Hungary - with the exception of the cases established by law - has the right to move freely and to choose his place of residence, including the right to leave his domicile or the
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country.

(2) Foreigners legally residing in the territory of the Republic of Hungary may only be deported on the basis of a resolution reached in accordance with the law.

(3) A
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majority of two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament present is required to pass the law on the freedom of movement and residence.

Article 59. Edit
(1) In the Republic of
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Hungary everyone has the right to the good standing of his reputation, the privacy of his home and the protection of secrecy in private affairs and personal data.

(2) A majority of
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two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament present is required to pass the law on the secrecy of personal data.

Article 60. Edit
(1) In the Republic of Hungary everyone has
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the right to freedom of thought, freedom of conscience and freedom of religion.

(2) This right shall include the free choice or acceptance of a religion or belief, and the freedom to
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publicly or privately express or decline to express, exercise and teach such religions and beliefs by way of religious actions, rites or in any other way, either individually or in a
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group.

(3) The church and the State shall operate in separation in the Republic of Hungary.

(4) A majority of two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament present is
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required to pass the law on the freedom of belief and religion.

Article 61. Edit
(1) In the Republic of Hungary everyone has the right to the freedom of speech and to freely express
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his opinion, and furthermore to access and disseminate information of public interest.

(2) The Republic of Hungary recognizes and protects the freedom of the press.

(3) In a
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democracy, with a view to forming an educated opinion in matters of public interest, everyone has the right to free access to information proper.

(4) In the Republic of Hungary,
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public service broadcasters shall participate in fostering and in the enhancement of national and European identity, in the advancement of the Hungarian language and cultural
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heritage, including the languages and the culture of minorities, in strengthening national allegiance, and in satisfying the needs of national, ethnic, familial and religious
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communities. Public media services shall be overseen by an autonomous administrative authority and independent ownership body, whose members are elected by Parliament, whereas
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oversight as to the implementation of its objectives shall be exercised by committees of citizens formed on the strength of law.

(5) A majority of two-thirds of the votes of the
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Members of Parliament present is required to pass the law on the public access to information of public interest, the law on the freedom of the press, the law on media contents, and
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the law on the supervision of media services.

Article 62. Edit
(1) The Republic of Hungary recognizes the right to peaceful assembly and shall ensure the free exercise thereof.

(2)
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A majority of two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament present is required to pass the law on the right of assembly.

Article 63. Edit
(1) On the basis of the right of
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assembly, everyone in the Republic of Hungary has the right to establish organizations whose goals are not prohibited by law and to join such organizations.

(2) The establishment of
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armed organizations with political objectives shall not be permitted on the basis of the right of assembly.

(3) A majority of two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament
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present is required to pass the law on the right of assembly and the financial management and operation of political parties.

Article 64. Edit
In the Republic of Hungary everyone has
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the right to present, individually or together with others, written petitions or complaints to the relevant public authority.

Article 65. Edit
(1) In accordance with the conditions
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established by law, the Republic of Hungary shall, if neither their country of origin nor another country provides protection, extend the right of asylum to foreign citizens who, in
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their native country or the country of their usual place of residence, are subject to persecution on the basis of race or nationality, their alliance with a specific social group,
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religious or political conviction, or whose fear of being subject to persecution is well founded.

(2) A majority of two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament present is
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required to pass the law on the right to asylum.

Article 66. Edit
(1) The Republic of Hungary shall ensure the equality of men and women in all civil, political, economic, social and
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cultural rights.

(2) In the Republic of Hungary mothers shall receive support and protection before and after the birth of the child, in accordance with separate regulations.

(3)
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Separate regulations shall ensure the protection of women and youth in the workplace.

Article 67. Edit
(1) In the Republic of Hungary all children have the right to receive the
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protection and care of their family, and of the State and society, which is necessary for their satisfactory physical, mental and moral development.

(2) Parents have the right to
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choose the form of education given to their children.

(3) Separate regulations shall establish the responsibilities of the State with regard to the situation and protection of the
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family and youth.

Article 68. Edit
(1) The national and ethnic minorities living in the Republic of Hungary participate in the sovereign power of the people: they represent a
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constituent part of the State.

(2) The Republic of Hungary shall provide for the protection of national and ethnic minorities and ensure their collective participation in public
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affairs, the fostering of their cultures, the use of their native languages, education in their native languages and the use of names in their native languages.

(3) The laws of the
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Republic of Hungary shall ensure representation for the national and ethnic minorities living within the country.

(4) National and ethnic minorities shall have the right to form
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local and national bodies for self-government.

(5) A majority of two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament present is required to pass the law on the rights of national
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and ethnic minorities.

Article 69. Edit
(1) In the Republic of Hungary no one shall be denied of his Hungarian citizenship against his will and no Hungarian citizen may be expelled
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from the territory of the Republic of Hungary.

(2) Hungarian citizens may always return to Hungary from abroad.

(3) All Hungarian citizens are entitled to enjoy the protection of
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the Republic of Hungary while legally residing or staying abroad.

(4) A majority of two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament present is required to pass the law on
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citizenship.

Article 70. Edit
(1) All adult Hungarian citizens residing in the territory of the Republic of Hungary have the right to be elected and the right to vote in Parliamentar
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y elections; they have the right, furthermore, to participate in national referenda and popular initiatives.

(2) All adult Hungarian citizens residing in the territory of the Republic
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of Hungary and all adult citizens of other Member States of the European Union who reside in the territory of the Republic of Hungary shall have the right to be elected in local
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ballots for the election of representatives and mayors; they shall have the right to vote, provided that they are in the territory of the Republic of Hungary on the day of the
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election or referendum, and, furthermore, to participate in local referenda and popular initiatives. Only Hungarian citizens may be elected to the post of mayor in any local governmen
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t and the City of Budapest.

(3) All adult persons holding refugee, immigrant or permanent resident status in the Republic of Hungary shall have the right to vote in local ballots for
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the election of representatives and mayors, provided that they are in the territory of the Republic of Hungary on the day of the election or referendum, and furthermore to participate
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in local referenda or popular initiatives.

(4) All adult Hungarian citizens residing in the territory of the Republic of Hungary and all adult citizens of other Member States of the
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European Union who reside in the territory of the Republic of Hungary shall have the right to be elected and the right to vote in elections for the European Parliament.

(5) The right
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to vote shall not be granted to persons who are under guardianship or conservatorship, persons who are subject to a final legal judgment forbidding them to participate in public
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affairs, or persons who are incarcerated on the basis of a final legal judgment or who have been committed to treatment in a mental institution on the basis of a final legal judgment
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rendered in criminal proceedings. Furthermore, adult citizens of other Member States of the European Union who reside in the territory of the Republic of Hungary shall not have the
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right to be elected if they have been deprived of such right in their country of citizenship by the laws of that country or by a judicial or other official decision.

(6) All
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Hungarian citizens have the right to hold public office in accordance with their suitability, education and professional ability.

Article 70/A. Edit
(1) The Republic of Hungary shall
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respect the human rights and civil rights of all persons in the country without discrimination on the basis of race, color, gender, language, religion, political or other opinion,
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national or social origins, financial situation, birth or on any other grounds whatsoever.

(2) The law shall provide for strict punishment of discrimination on the basis of Paragraph
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(1).

(3) The Republic of Hungary shall endeavor to implement equal rights for everyone through measures that create fair opportunities for all.

Article 70/B. Edit
(1) In the
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Republic of Hungary everyone has the right to work and to freely choose his job and profession.

(2) Everyone has the right to equal compensation for equal work, without any discrimin
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ation whatsoever.

(3) All persons who work have the right to an income that corresponds to the amount and quality of work they carry out.

(4) Everyone has the right to leisure time,
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to free time and to regular paid vacation.

Article 70/C. Edit
(1) Everyone has the right to establish or join organizations together with others with the objective of protecting his
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economic or social interests.

(2) The right to strike may be exercised within the framework of the law regulating such right.

(3) A majority of two-thirds of the votes of the
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Members of Parliament present is required to pass the law on the right to strike.

Article 70/D. Edit
(1) Everyone living in the territory of the Republic of Hungary has the right to
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the highest possible level of physical and mental health.

(2) The Republic of Hungary shall implement this right through institutions of labor safety and health care, through the
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organization of medical care and the opportunities for regular physical activity, as well as through the protection of the urban and natural environment.

Article 70/E. Edit
(1)
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Citizens of the Republic of Hungary have the right to social security; they are entitled to the support required to live in old age, and in the case of sickness, disability, being
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widowed or oiphaned and in the case of unemployment through no fault of their own.

(2) The Republic of Hungary shall implement the right to social support through the social security
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system and the system of social institutions.

Article 70/F. Edit
(1) The Republic of Hungary guarantees the right of education to its citizens.

(2) The Republic of Hungary shall
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implement this right through the dissemination and general access to culture, free compulsory primary schooling, through secondary and higher education available to all persons on the
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basis of their ability, and furthermore through financial support for students.

Article 70/G. Edit
(1) The Republic of Hungary shall respect and support the freedom of scientific and
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artistic expression, the freedom to learn and to teach.

(2) Only scientists are entitled to decide in questions of scientific truth and to determine the scientific value of research.
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Article 70/H. Edit
(1) All citizens of the Republic of Hungary have the obligation to defend their country.

(2) During a state of emergency, or if Parliament has so decided in a
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state of preventive defense emergency by a majority of two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament present, all men of legal age and of Hungarian citizenship who reside in
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the territory of the Republic of Hungary may be conscripted according to the provisions of law. Any person who seeks exemption from military service on religious grounds shall be
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enlisted to perform civil service.

(3) Hungarian citizens of legal age who reside in the territory of the Republic of Hungary may be compelled by law to participate in civil
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protection and, in a state of emergency, military work obligation.

(4) Natural and legal persons and unincorporated organizations may be compelled to perform economic and material
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services.

(5) A majority of two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament present is required to pass the law on the obligation to complete military service.

Article
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70/I. Edit
(1) All natural persons, legal persons and unincorporated organizations have the obligation to contribute to public revenues on the basis of their income and wealth.

(2)
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In respect of any remuneration received from public funds, or from bodies entrusted to manage state assets and state property, including bodies under majority state ownership or
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control, tax liabilities may be introduced on the strength of law, beginning from the fifth tax year preceding the given tax year, for a sum less than the amount of the remuneration
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in question.

Article 70/J. Edit
In the Republic of Hungary parents and guardians have the obligation to ensure the education of their young children.

Article 70/K. Edit
Claims
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arising from infringement on fundamental rights, and objections to the decisions of public authorities regarding the fulfillment of duties may be brought before a court of law.

Chapt
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er XIII. The Basic Principles of Elections Edit
Article 71. Edit
(1) Members of Parliament, Members of the European Parliament, local government representatives, mayors and the mayor
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of the capital are elected by direct, secret ballot by voting citizens, based on their universal and equal right to vote.

(2) The members of the local government representative
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bodies of counties shall elect the president of the representative body by direct, secret ballot. The president must be a Hungarian citizen.

(3) Separate laws shall establish
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provisions for the election of Members of Parliament, Members of the European Parliament and members of representative bodies of local governments and mayors. A two-thirds majority
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vote of the Members of Parliament present is required to pass such laws.

(4) A separate law shall establish provisions for the election of representatives of minority self-government
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s. A two-thirds majority vote of the Members of Parliament present is required to pass such laws.

Articles 72-73. Edit
[Repealed]

Chapter XIV. The Capital and National Symbols of the
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Republic of Hungary Edit
Article 74. Edit
The Capital of the Republic of Hungary is Budapest.

Article 75. Edit
The national anthem of the Republic of Hungary is the poem „Himnusz"
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by Ferenc Kölcsey, set to the music of Ferenc Erkel.

Article 76. Edit
(1) The National Flag of the Republic of Hungary is a tricolor consisting of horizontal red, white and green
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bands of even width.



Flag of Hungary.svg

(2) The Coat of Arms of the Republic of Hungary is a vertically divided shield with a rounded base coming to a point. The left field
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contains eight horizontal bars of red and silver. The right field has a background of red and depicts a base of three green hills with a golden crown resting on the center hill and a
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silver patriarchal cross issuing from the middle of the crown. The Holy Crown of St. Stephen rests on the top of the shield.



Coat of arms of Hungary.svg

(3) A majority of
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two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament is required to pass the law on the Coat of Arms and National Flag of the Republic of Hungary and the use thereof.

Chapter XV.
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Final Provisions Edit
Article 77. Edit
(1) This Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic of Hungary.

(2) This Constitution and laws and statutes established in accordance with
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this Constitution are equally binding for everybody of the country.

(3) [Repealed]

Article 78. Edit
(1) The Constitution of the Republic of Hungary shall enter into effect on the
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day of its promulgation; the Government shall ensure its implementation.

(2) The Government shall propose the Bills necessary to implement this Constitution to the Paliament.

Articl
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e 79. Edit
[Repealed]

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